Given the ubiquity of gaming in contemporary society, it is of great importance to take stock of its impact on human development (S. On average, American children spend at least an hour each day playing games on a console or handheld device (Rideout et al., 2010). In American households with children between the ages of 8 and 18, 93В % have access to a computer, 87В % have a game console, and 59В % own a handheld device (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). Today, video games are accessed through home computers (including massive multiplayer online role-playing games such as World of Warcraft), game consoles (e.g., Nintendo Wii, Sony PlayStation, or Microsoft Xbox), and handheld devices (e.g., Nintendo DS, cellular phones, or tablets), which provide users with unlimited access to video games at any time and location. Four decades later, it is staggering to look at how far gaming has progressed from a moving green dot and two lines (Kent, 2001)! Besides innovations to the appearances and functionalities of games, accessibility has also dramatically increased. The incorporation of gaming into American culture started at least in part with the introduction of Pong (arcade version, 1972 home version, 1975), arguably the first modern video game accessed through a computer. The results are further discussed with respect to other moderators and limitations in the extant literature. The quasi-experimental studies appeared more susceptible to bias than were the true experiments, with larger effects being reported in higher-tier than in lower-tier journals, and larger effects reported by the most active research groups in comparison with other labs. Whereas the quasi-experimental studies yielded small to large effect sizes across domains, the true experiments yielded negligible effects for executive functions, which contrasted with the small to medium effect sizes in other domains. Using random-effects models, video games led to improved information processing in both the quasi-experimental studies, d = 0.61, 95В % CI, and the true experiments, d = 0.48, 95В % CI. Quasi-experimental studies (72 studies, 318 comparisons) compare habitual gamers with controls true experiments (46 studies, 251 comparisons) use commercial video games in training. Do video games enhance cognitive functioning? We conducted two meta-analyses based on different research designs to investigate how video games impact information-processing skills (auditory processing, executive functions, motor skills, spatial imagery, and visual processing).

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